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AQASpec 4.1.1Foundation & Higher~30 min

Cell Structure

Biology · Topic revision workspace

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Read the notes, score 80% and know 75% of the cards.

Topic overview

What you need to know

Cell Structure is a key part of GCSE Biology. Connect structures to their functions and explain biological processes as clear causal sequences. Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the activities of the cell and carries instructions for making proteins. A semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell that controls what enters and leaves. A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place in the cell.

Exam tip

Use precise scientific vocabulary and make each link in an explanation explicit.

Revision notes

Core ideas

Secure these ideas first. Say each definition in your own words, then connect it to the topic overview.

  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the activities of the cell and carries instructions for making proteins.
  • Cell Membrane: A semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell that controls what enters and leaves.
  • Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place in the cell.
  • Mitochondria: The site of aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy (ATP).

Revision notes

Apply it in the exam

The exam will rarely ask for an isolated definition. Practise selecting the right idea and using it as part of a complete explanation or method.

  • Ribosome: Small structures in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.
  • Cell Wall: A rigid layer made of cellulose found in plant cells. It provides structural support and protection.
  • Chloroplast: Found in plant cells; contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.
  • Vacuole: A large permanent structure in plant cells filled with cell sap. Maintains turgor pressure to support the cell.

Core knowledge

Key facts for Cell Structure

1

Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls the activities of the cell and carries instructions for making proteins.

2

Cell Membrane

A semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell that controls what enters and leaves.

3

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place in the cell.

4

Mitochondria

The site of aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy (ATP).

5

Ribosome

Small structures in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs.

6

Cell Wall

A rigid layer made of cellulose found in plant cells. It provides structural support and protection.

7

Chloroplast

Found in plant cells; contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

8

Vacuole

A large permanent structure in plant cells filled with cell sap. Maintains turgor pressure to support the cell.

Active recall

Close the notes and answer these

  1. 1.Without looking, explain nucleus and give one example or consequence.
  2. 2.Without looking, explain cell membrane and give one example or consequence.
  3. 3.Without looking, explain cytoplasm and give one example or consequence.
  4. 4.Without looking, explain mitochondria and give one example or consequence.

Content reviewed 23 July 2026 against the current linked specification.

Finished learning?

Mark the notes complete, then test what you can recall.

Official AQA specification
Next topicCell Division